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- How is biodiversity measured and monitored? 10
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- What are the main threats and drivers of biodiversity loss? 13
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- How does climate change affect biodiversity and ecosystems? 16
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Chapter 1: The Effects of Climate Change on Species Distribution and Abundance - The Concepts and Mechanisms of Species Distribution and Abundance 19
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- The methods and data of assessing and predicting species distribution and abundance 23
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- The examples and case studies of species distribution and abundance changes due to climate change 26
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- The factors and influences of species distribution and abundance changes due to climate change 28
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Chapter 2: The Effects of Climate Change on Species Phenology and Behavior - The Concepts and Mechanisms of Species Phenology and Behavior 30
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- The methods and data of observing and modeling species phenology and behavior 33
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- The examples and case studies of species phenology and behavior changes due to climate change 36
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- The factors and influences of species phenology and behavior changes due to climate change 38
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Chapter 3: The Effects of Climate Change on Species Adaptation and Evolution - The Concepts and Mechanisms of Species Adaptation and Evolution 40
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- The methods and data of studying and detecting species adaptation and evolution 43
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- The examples and case studies of species adaptation and evolution due to climate change 46
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- The factors and influences of species adaptation and evolution due to climate change 48
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Chapter 4: The Effects of Climate Change on Species Interactions and Networks - The Concepts and Mechanisms of Species Interactions and Networks 51
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- The methods and data of analyzing and mapping species interactions and networks 54
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- The examples and case studies of species interactions and networks changes due to climate change 57
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- The factors and influences of species interactions and networks changes due to climate change 60
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Chapter 5: The effects of climate change on species extinctions and invasions- The concepts and mechanisms of species extinctions and invasions 63
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- The methods and data of estimating and preventing species extinctions and invasions 65
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- The examples and case studies of species extinctions and invasions due to climate change 68
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- The factors and influences of species extinctions and invasions due to climate change 70
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Chapter 6: The effects of climate change on ecosystem structure and function- The concepts and indicators of ecosystem structure and function 73
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- The methods and data of measuring and modeling ecosystem structure and function 76
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- The examples and case studies of ecosystem structure and function changes due to climate change 79
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- The factors and influences of ecosystem structure and function changes due to climate change 81
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Chapter 7: The effects of climate change on ecosystem services and values- The concepts and categories of ecosystem services and values 84
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- The methods and data of valuing and accounting ecosystem services and values 87
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- The examples and case studies of ecosystem services and values changes due to climate change 90
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- The factors and influences of ecosystem services and values changes due to climate change 92
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Chapter 8: The Effects of Climate Change on Ecosystem Resilience and Vulnerability - The Concepts and Measures of Ecosystem Resilience and Vulnerability 95
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- The methods and data of assessing and enhancing ecosystem resilience and vulnerability 98
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- The examples and case studies of ecosystem resilience and vulnerability changes due to climate change 101
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- The factors and influences of ecosystem resilience and vulnerability changes due to climate change 104
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Chapter 9: The effects of climate change on ecosystem transitions and transformations- The concepts and models of ecosystem transitions and transformations 107
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- The methods and data of identifying and managing ecosystem transitions and transformations 109
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- The examples and case studies of ecosystem transitions and transformations due to climate change 112
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- The factors and influences of ecosystem transitions and transformations due to climate change 115
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Chapter 10: The Effects of Climate Change on Biodiversity Hotspots and Coldspots - The Concepts and Criteria of Biodiversity Hotspots and Coldspots 118
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- The methods and data of locating and monitoring biodiversity hotspots and coldspots 122
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- The examples and case studies of biodiversity hotspots and coldspots changes due to climate change 125
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- The factors and influences of biodiversity hotspots and coldspots changes due to climate change 127
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Chapter 11: The Effects of Climate Change on Terrestrial Biodiversity and Ecosystems - The Types and Characteristics of Terrestrial Biodiversity and Ecosystems 130
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- The patterns and drivers of terrestrial biodiversity and ecosystems changes due to climate change 133
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- The impacts and risks of terrestrial biodiversity and ecosystems changes due to climate change 136
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- The adaptation and mitigation strategies and policies for terrestrial biodiversity and ecosystems changes due to climate change 139
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Chapter 12: The effects of climate change on freshwater biodiversity and ecosystems- The types and characteristics of freshwater biodiversity and ecosystems 142
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- The patterns and drivers of freshwater biodiversity and ecosystems changes due to climate change 145
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- The impacts and risks of freshwater biodiversity and ecosystems changes due to climate change 148
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- The adaptation and mitigation strategies and policies for freshwater biodiversity and ecosystems changes due to climate change 151
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Chapter 13: The Effects of Climate Change on Marine Biodiversity and Ecosystems: The Types and Characteristics of Marine Biodiversity and Ecosystems 154
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- The patterns and drivers of marine biodiversity and ecosystems changes due to climate change 157
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- The impacts and risks of marine biodiversity and ecosystems changes due to climate change 160
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- The adaptation and mitigation strategies and policies for marine biodiversity and ecosystems changes due to climate change 163
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Chapter 14: The Effects of Climate Change on Polar Biodiversity and Ecosystems - The Types and Characteristics of Polar Biodiversity and Ecosystems 166
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- The patterns and drivers of polar biodiversity and ecosystems changes due to climate change 169
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- The impacts and risks of polar biodiversity and ecosystems changes due to climate change 172
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- The adaptation and mitigation strategies and policies for polar biodiversity and ecosystems changes due to climate change 175
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Chapter 15: The Effects of Climate Change on Mountain Biodiversity and Ecosystems - The Types and Characteristics of Mountain Biodiversity and Ecosystems. 178
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- The patterns and drivers of mountain biodiversity and ecosystems changes due to climate change 182
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- The impacts and risks of mountain biodiversity and ecosystems changes due to climate change 184
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- The adaptation and mitigation strategies and policies for mountain biodiversity and ecosystems changes due to climate change 187
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Chapter 16: The Effects of Climate Change on Island Biodiversity and Ecosystems - The Types and Characteristics of Island Biodiversity and Ecosystems 191
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- The patterns and drivers of island biodiversity and ecosystems changes due to climate change 194
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- The impacts and risks of island biodiversity and ecosystems changes due to climate change 196
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- The adaptation and mitigation strategies and policies for island biodiversity and ecosystems changes due to climate change 199
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Chapter 17: The Effects of Climate Change on Urban Biodiversity and Ecosystems - The Types and Characteristics of Urban Biodiversity and Ecosystems 201
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- The patterns and drivers of urban biodiversity and ecosystems changes due to climate change 204
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- The impacts and risks of urban biodiversity and ecosystems changes due to climate change 206
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- The adaptation and mitigation strategies and policies for urban biodiversity and ecosystems changes due to climate change 209
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Chapter 18: The effects of climate change on agricultural biodiversity and ecosystems- The types and characteristics of agricultural biodiversity and ecosystems 212
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- The patterns and drivers of agricultural biodiversity and ecosystems changes due to climate change 215
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- The impacts and risks of agricultural biodiversity and ecosystems changes due to climate change 218
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- The adaptation and mitigation strategies and policies for agricultural biodiversity and ecosystems changes due to climate change 221
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Chapter 19: The effects of climate change on forest biodiversity and ecosystems- The types and characteristics of forest biodiversity and ecosystems 224
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- The patterns and drivers of forest biodiversity and ecosystems changes due to climate change 227
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- The impacts and risks of forest biodiversity and ecosystems changes due to climate change 229
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- The adaptation and mitigation strategies and policies for forest biodiversity and ecosystems changes due to climate change 232
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Chapter 20: The effects of climate change on grassland and savanna biodiversity and ecosystems- The types and characteristics of grassland and savanna biodiversity and ecosystems 235
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- The patterns and drivers of grassland and savanna biodiversity and ecosystems changes due to climate change 238
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- The impacts and risks of grassland and savanna biodiversity and ecosystems changes due to climate change 241
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- The adaptation and mitigation strategies and policies for grassland and savanna biodiversity and ecosystems changes due to climate change 243
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Conclusion: - The limitations and gaps of the current knowledge and data on climate change and biodiversity 246
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- The implications and recommendations for future research and action on climate change and biodiversity 248
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- The final remarks and reflections on climate change and biodiversity. 251
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